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Source 1-

Cristillo, Louis Abdellatif. “American Muslim Teenagers: Torn Between Religion and Culture.” Teachers College, Columbia University, 5 Jan. 2009, 
https://www.tc.columbia.edu/articles/2008/december/american-muslim-teenagers-torn-between-religion-and-culture/.

            https://www.tc.columbia.edu/articles/2008/december/american-muslim-teenagers-torn-between-religion-and-culture/ is a article which focus on the difficulties Muslim youth sometimes face on account of their religious identity. It emphasizes the youth’s digression from their Arab/Muslim culture, Beliefs, and pride. It focuses on a study done by Dr Louis Abdellatif Cristillo, a professor at Teachers College, Columbia University, who focused on the experiences of Muslim boys and girls in New York City public high schools.

            This source collected data on how the post-9/11 school atmosphere has impacted the lives youth, especially in regard to their personal identification as Muslims and Americans. This study provided the psychological side effects of this community’s exposure to the newly formed dual identity. It identifies the unique problems both genders face. It also further identities the effect of the US government’s anti-terrorism policies, which planted the fear of homegrown Islamic radicalism. This study interviewed 633 high school students, of an estimated100,000 Muslim students in New York City Public Schools. This is a credible study done by backed by Columbia University. 

            I will be using this information in my essay to prove my points on the struggle’s Muslim Arab teens face, the divide created by the two cultures, and the psychological issues caused with Arab culture. This source talks about how Muslim students avoid revealing their ethnic identity to non-Muslim students for fear of being ridiculed or harassed. This can help show how Muslim Arab students feel torn between their culture, religion, and assimilation. It helps prove how Muslim Arab teens facing this dual identity. It can help enforce my essay by using statistics as well, and real responses and analysis of Muslim Student life in public school. 

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Source 2-

Bivens, Donna. “Chapter 5: What Is Internalized Racism?” Flipping the Script: White Privilege   and Community Building, MP Associates, Inc. and the Center for Assessment and Policy     Development, 2005, pp. 43–52.                                                                                

            Flipping the Script: White Privilege and Community Building, is a book on white privilege, breaking down the terms surrounding white privilege, giving in depth analysis and investigating modern society. Chapter 5 of the book titled “What Is Internalized Racism?”, written by Donna Bivens, focuses on the way slavery affected the minds of the slaves themselves. It addresses 3 major things to help readers understand the implications of slavery. Slavery’s creation of a limited sense of self, and how it can undermine people of color’s belief in their full humanity, disrupt their understanding of their inner life, and feel prejudice towards their own people. 

            This chapter tries to answer, “what is internalized racism?” The 3 major things required to answer this question are as follows: people of color develop ideas, beliefs, actions and behaviors that support or collude with racism; it must be distinguished from terms like self-hatred or “low self-esteem,” to which all people are vulnerable; and Internalized racism negatively impacts people of color intra-culturally and cross-culturally. By acknowledging these 3 we can come to understand that after the many years of slavery there is a permanent psychological effect on people of color. 

            I will be using this information in my essay to help further the understanding of internalized racism. This source talks help identify internalized racism within The Underground Railroad by Colson Whitehead. This helps us understand the motivation behind some characters such as Blake and Moses. It helps me present a better care for internalized racism by identifying it in history and later locate it in modern society. It can help enforce my essay by providing a good basic understanding of internalized racism to back my claim. 

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Source 3-

Uzogara, Ekeoma E., et al. “A Comparison of Skin Tone Discrimination Among African American Men: 1995 and 2003.” Psychology of Men & Masculinity, vol. 15, no. 2, Apr. 2014, pp. 201–212. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1037/a0033479

            “A Comparison of Skin Tone Discrimination Among African American Men: 1995 and 2003” by Ekeoma E. Uzogara is a article which focuses on the discrimination amongst African American men. It emphasizes its prevalence in the past and today. It focuses on research done between 1995 and 2003 which is recent enough to use within my essay.     

            This study investigated views of skin tone discrimination among African American men. Research has suggested that through negative African American stereotypes, white people perceive light-skinned African Americans favorably and dark-skinned African Americans unfavorably. However, it is unclear how treatment by in-group members (other African Americans) uniquely affects men. Using data from the 1995 Detroit Area Study and the 2003 National Survey of American Life, Uzogara investigated these relationships among African American men on behalf of a wide range of socioeconomic groups. 

“‘Paper Bag Test’ (which banned Blacks from joining fraternities if their skin tones were darker than a brown paper bag), the ‘Comb test’ (which banned Blacks with coarse, nappy African hair if combs could not glide through it), and the ‘Blue veins’ society (which banned Blacks whose skin tones were too dark to see the blue veins on their arms)”- Ekeoma E. Uzogara

            I will be using this information in my essay to help prove the existence of internalized racism. This source talks on how people of varying skin tones treated each other. This support my claim of the existence of internalized racism, by showing the different procedure of determining whether a man is “too dark”. It helps me present a better case for internalized racism by identifying its prevalence today therefore proving my claim.